This was Albert Bandura's most famous therapy theory.
'If you can get someone with a psychological disorder to observe someone dealing with the same issues in a more productive fashion, the first person (with the disorder) will learn by modeling the second person ( ie the actor).'
Put into practice, someone with a phobia of snakes will watch an actor go into a room and attempt to go hold the snake. They will act scared, shaking etc, but the person with the phobia will see this reaction and then see how they (the actor) deals with the fear and watches as the person holds the snake. In most cases, the phobic person goes through the same routine and completes it.
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